Thursday, December 27, 2007

How To Stimulate Maximal Fat Loss



Summer is here and that means it's time to get into beach shape. This has become increasingly obvious to me as the majority of clients come in with a laser-like focus on losing fat.

They don't have time to waste (and neither do you!); they need to burn that fat now! One of the many tricks we use to speed up their progress is the introduction of stimulants into their diet and supplementation routine.

In this article you'll find 6 ways in which stimulants can help optimize results, when combined with a responsible fat burning program, along with plenty of additional tips along the way.


A Stimulating Clarification

Before we get to the details we need to be sure of exactly what is meant by the term "stimulant". In this case, it refers to a class of supplement or beverage that has an excitatory effect.

In other words, they're substances that make you feel energetic. Examples of stimulant supplements from Biotest include HOT-ROX, Spike, and to a lesser extent, Power Drive. Common beverage examples are coffee, energy drinks (Spike Shooters), and green tea.

Now let's get to the good stuff.


OT-R


1. Appetite Suppression

The number one killer of diets is appetite. Once we can control that, the rest of the job is relatively easy. Fortunately, one of the main benefits of stimulants is appetite control. By reducing our overall hunger, we're less likely to consume food (duh), but perhaps more important is the relief of the mental burden.

You know what I mean. That constant gnawing hunger that makes it hard to concentrate on anything else. Hell it even makes it hard to sleep. Yup, this is the real diet killer, and it can be largely relieved by stimulants.


2. Energy Boost

The most obvious benefit of stimulant use is the feeling of an energy boost that they provide. This enhanced feeling has two main benefits: 1) it keeps our activity levels up, and 2) it allows us to maintain intensity during training.


Getting Up To Burn

It is quite amazing to see how much energy we can expend from doing everyday activities that we don't even think about. But when we go on a calorie restricted diet, our body fights to preserve energy by minimizing the amount of energy we actually expend — and one way it does this is to minimize little activities.

For example, rather than getting up twice to perform two separate tasks, we're more likely to accomplish both by just getting up once. If this just sounds more efficient, you're exactly right and that's exactly what we're trying to avoid.

By getting up twice, we're basically expending double the energy due to the inefficiency. Although this sounds minor, when you add up all of the little tasks we do each day, the total caloric expenditure is surprising.


Training Intensity

By maintaining our energy during training, we're better able to put out the kind of intensity that's going to get us results. This applies not only for fat loss and cardio, but muscle growth and weights as well. By shutting down our intensity, our body naturally preserves energy. This happens by reducing the caloric expenditure from training, and the amount of muscle burned due to catabolism.

If we don't push the weights with sufficient intensity, then the catabolism will overcome the minor anabolic training stimulus, and the body will both reap energy from broken down muscle, as well as decrease our overall metabolic rate.

Remember, our body perceives a calorie restricted diet as a pre-death starvation and will do anything it can to prevent it. In this case, don't let the body win!


3. Mental Boost

When on a low calorie diet, particularly one that is low in carbohydrates, we may not be as mentally sharp as normal. This has negative implications on everyday life, and clearly needs to be avoided. I have even heard someone say that they avoid low calorie diets for this very reason. Although this is an extreme reaction, there are certain jobs in which any mental deficit could be costly.

It's worth noting that mental lapses as described here simply refer to one not being able to think as clearly, or maintain concentration.

Another benefit of stimulants is that they provide a mental boost during a calorie-restricted diet, such that any short-term mental lapses are mitigated. Of course they might be used to enhance concentration during a less intense diet, but that goes beyond the scope of this article.

There is an interesting, albeit somewhat limited, case that can be made for a stimulant-induced mitigation of "mental fuzz", in that it can help fat loss by allowing one to concentrate on the diet better. Whatever the reason, allowing us to think through the clouds is something that everyone can benefit from, whether on a calorie-restricted diet or not.


4. Increased Metabolic Rate

The reason that we feel so energetic when using stimulants is because they increase our levels of the "fight or flight" hormones. They not only make us feel energetic, but they provide the added benefit of directly stimulating our metabolic rate. This means that we burn more calories while exercising, doing housework, or even just sitting around watching TV!

This is also the reason why we feel hot while using stimulants; it's our ramped up metabolism that is actually expending the caloric energy as heat. C'mon, you know they don't call them HOT-ROX for nothing!


Increased Fat Utilization

Stimulants don't just increase the amount of energy we burn, they have an added bonus: these substances can increase the proportion of burned energy that comes specifically from fat. This is absolutely critical because, of course, we're not just trying to spend calories, we're also trying to get rid of the fat.

We need to consider the implications of this double impact fat killer; we're burning more calories overall, which should result in fat loss (diet dependent), and in addition to this we're burning more of that energy as fat. This combination is essentially doubling the amount of fat that we're burning!

As if this weren't enough, there's an added benefit to this fat utilization that makes the whole situation even better, and it has to do with maintaining muscle.


5. Maintaining Muscle

Although there's some debate as to whether stimulants can directly affect muscle growth, there's quite a bit of evidence to support the idea that they do so indirectly.

The reasoning is related to the ability of stimulants to increase the proportion of fat that we burn for energy. By providing this fat to our body's catabolic machinery, we're essentially feeding a monster that would otherwise burn body tissues indiscriminately. Stated differently, the fat sacrifices itself in order to save muscle.

If you're thinking that this is pretty much the perfect situation because we want to burn more fat and preserve muscle anyway, then you're already ahead of the game. But it gets even better. By preserving our hard earned muscle during a calorie-restricted diet, we're actually enhancing our metabolism, which serves to burn even more fat!


Metabolism and Muscle

You may well know that muscle is the most metabolically active tissue in the body and accounts for the majority of our caloric expenditure, but when our body senses that we have low energy intake (i.e. a calorie-restricted diet), it tries to slow everything down such that energy is saved.

This is what happens when people stop losing weight on a specific diet, and it is partly due to a loss of muscle mass. We can even think of losing muscle as a dead end to our fat loss — a far cry from simply focusing on fat tissue for our body composition goals.


6. Increased Muscle Strength

As if there weren't enough positive aspects of stimulant use, they can even affect the amount of weight we move in the gym. It's not a secret (powerlifters have been using them for years), but if our goal is fat loss then this is just one more way to optimize the process.

Stimulants are known to specifically enhance the force of muscle fiber contraction, which ultimately results in muscle strength. This has two main benefits, one short-term and one longer-term.


Short Term Thinking

By allowing us to increase strength in an otherwise compromised situation, stimulants can help fat loss by allowing us to maintain exercise intensity. This is not simply a product of how hard we push during a training session, but also how much weight we move.

For example, if we're under normal caloric restriction then our body tries to preserve energy by shutting things down. One such thing is muscle strength.

By maintaining, or even increasing, the amount of weight we use, our exercise sessions are more intense, and cause a greater fat-burning effect on the body. This is tantamount to performing exercise at half intensity versus maximal effort. Clearly the latter is more effective for our goals.


More Muscle Maintenance

We've already established that stimulants help to preserve muscle while undergoing caloric restriction by increasing fatty acid utilization. The second way in which stimulants act as anticatabolics is by allowing us to maintain a high level of tension on the muscle during training.

In the absence of calories, our muscle strength would decrease, which means that our muscle has less of a stimulus to grow. Combine that with the catabolism induced by the hypocaloric diet, and you're ready to burn a lot of muscle. Stimulants help to mitigate this negative response, which allows us to maintain strength throughout the otherwise catabolic period.

In people who use stimulants quite infrequently, there may even be an increase in strength such that muscle can actually grow. This combination is rare and requires close attention being paid to the diet, but even the possibility of such an effect is exciting.

As already mentioned, this maintenance (or hypertrophy) of muscle mass is critical for us to keep our metabolic furnace burning as much fat as possible, for as long as we can. Some of the most successful people in the industry know the secret to dieting success is to maintain as much muscle as possible.


Practical Application of Stimulants

There could be a million reasons for your lack of results, but the most obvious culprit is an improper diet. Another important factor could be suboptimal exercise (or an absence of exercise altogether!). It's critical to remember that stimulants alone are not going to cause you to lose weight.

Rather, they're used in order to help people who already have their diet and exercise programs dialed in. Only after these two keys are in place will stimulants confer any advantage.

Wednesday, December 26, 2007

Fitness And Nutritional Discoveries!

Inadequate water intake and subsequent hypo-hydration degrades central nervous system performance and significantly decreases exercise performance during multiple sets of back squats.

Are you thinking hydration?

A survey of almost two-thousand adult male, non-medical anabolic steroid (AAS) users in the United States found the typical user to be approximately 30 years old, highly-educated and Caucasian, with an above average income and no active involvement in organized sports. Researchers observed the focus on elite-level athletes and tragedies among adolescents has led to ineffective policy, given it missed the vast bulk of educated AAS users who were responsible in their use.

A bronze tribute immortalizing the typical steroid user.

A study examining the effects of progressive resistance training on men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (a treatment for prostate cancer) found muscle strength, endurance, and thickness all increased significantly after training.

Penile Vaginal Intercourse (a.k.a. PVI), (not anal sex, not oral sex, and not masturbation) is the only sexual behavior associated with indicies of better physical and mental health in a growing body of empirical literature. It just so happens PVI is also the one behavior responsible for gene propagation, (which seems to make sense on an intuitive level). African Bat Bugs have penises that look and act like hypodermic needles. Males don't bother to use their female counterparts vaginas, instead using their hypodermic-needle-like penises to pierce the females' abdomen and ejaculate directly into the bloodstream, where sperm then swim to the ovaries.

Not exactly well-hung; more like a needle dick, actually.

While levels of circulating Testosterone, Growth Hormone (GH) and IGF-1 are lower in healthy aging men, researchers at the NIH found supplementing low-dose Testosterone for 26 weeks increased nocturnal GH secretion and morning serum IGF-1 concentrations. Racing across long distances of frozen Alaska has a suppressive effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis in men. Researchers concluded this was likely due to the amplification of adrenal stress responses to an ultra-endurance race in environmentally stressful conditions.

Frozen nuts and suppressed HPTA.

Greek researchers studing the effects of exercise on hormone levels in 11-13 year old males found significant differences in bodyfat, Testosterone, and Free Androgen Index (FAI). Testosterone levels were 300 percent higher, and FAI was 600 percent higher in the weight-training group compared to the aerobic group.

Scientists studying effects of exercise on mood, dividing nursing home residents into three groups: walking, comprehensive exercise, and social conversation. They found residents receiving comprehensive exercise showed the highest positive and lowest negative affect and mood post study. Those who engaged exclusively in social jaw flapping exhibited the least positive and most negative results.

A little iron beats a lot of talk.

Lower body muscle strength is independently associated with insulin resistance, and resistance training improves glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Following a night of only four hours sleep, a 30-minute post-lunch nap improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical performance.

Take a lesson from man's best friend.

Enhancing the quality of sleep improves quality of life. A broad range of sleep related disorders associated with abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences exist. According to scientists, having sex with friends tends to complicate friendships.

The relationship equation: Copulate = Complicate.

Women experience higher levels of Testosterone prior to having intercourse, and data points to associations between Testosterone and orgasm, sexual desire, and relationship commitment.

If her Testosterone levels were any higher, those panties would hit the pavement.

Women also experience fluctuations in cognitive ability during their menstrual cycle. Between one and 9.7 percent of men experience ejaculatory pain. This could occur due to prostatitis, ejaculatory duct obstruction, prostatic hyperplasia, or a reverse donkey punch.

When hurts so good hurts so bad.

Supplementing with protein resulted in significant lean mass gains. Even twelve weeks of soy protein supplementation did not inhibit lean mass gains or decrease serum Testosterone levels in the resistance trained.

Researchers found Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) plus conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) enhanced the beneficial effects of training. Old people (aged 65+) treated to a six-month course of resistance training with CrM plus CLA experienced greater increases in muscular strength and endurance, lean mass, and lowered fat mass than those who followed the same routine minus the supplements. Potential benefits on sprint performance from increased strength due to resistance training may not occur immediately and are likely to be affected by mechanical specificity.

People who performed ten weeks of stretching experienced significant improvements in flexibility, vertical and standing long jump performance, 20m sprint, knee flexion and knee extension endurance. This was in the absence of exercise, and a control group saw no improvements.

Maybe this flexibility stuff has its uses.

Training one arm for strength increases the strength of the untrained arm as well as the trained arm, thanks in part to adaptations within the sensorimotor cortex. Subjects who simply imagined strength training one arm showed no increase in strength in either arm.

Well, at least in most people.

Evidence of female ejaculation and the existence of the G-spot is being challenged and the debate is ongoing among some scientists. And some people believe man never landed on the moon.

references:
1. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1817-24

2. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007 Oct 11;4(1):12 [Epub ahead of print]

3. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Dec;38(12):2045-52.

4. J Sex Marital Ther. 2007 Jul-Sep;33(4):319-27

5. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Feb 28;361(1466):269-75

6. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;293(3):E769-75. Epub 2007 Jun

7. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Jul 30; [Epub ahead of print]

8. Hormones (Athens). 2003 Apr-Jun;2(2):103-12

9. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2007 Oct-Nov;22(5):389-97.

10. Endocr J. 2007 Sep 25; [Epub ahead of print]

11. J Sports Sci. 2007 Aug 14;:1-10 [Epub ahead of print]

12. J Gerontol Nurs. 2007 Oct;33(10):42-9.

13. Sleep. 2007 Jun 1;30(6):683-702

14. Arch Sex Behav. 2007 Sep 13 [Epub ahead of print]

15. Horm Behav. 2007 Apr;51(4):477-82. Epub 2007 Jan 25

16. Brain Cogn. 2001 Apr;45(3):392-414

17. BJU Int. 2007 Jun;99(6):1335-9. Epub 2007 Apr 6

18. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007 Jul 23;4(1):4

19. PLoS ONE. 2007 Oct 3;2(10):e991

20. Sports Biomech. 2007 Sep;6(3):285-300

21. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1825-31.

22. Brain Topogr. 2007 Winter;20(2):77-88. Epub 2007 Oct 12

23. Harefuah. 2007 Feb;146(2):145-7, 163.

How to get a great workout with no equipment!


Let's say your plane crashes and leaves you stranded on a deserted island without even a volleyball named Wilson to talk to. Or perhaps your home gets buried under twenty feet of snow and you can't leave the house until it melts. Or maybe you move to a country where weight training has been banned because, as everyone knows, lifting barbells and dumbbells turns people into big dumb animals who think about nothing but sex and protein intake. How are you going to train?

Okay, maybe the above situations seem improbable, but I'll bet you've been stuck in a hotel room without a gym nearby or have been itching for a workout on a holiday when your gym has, for some insane reason, locked its doors. Never fear, you workout addict, because below is a training program that will leave you wondering if you ever need to go back to the gym at all!

I've provided thirteen exercises that'll make a great total body workout! They all have the potential to provide you with muscle fatigue in the absence of external loading — other than your own bodyweight, of course! And since we're not able to manipulate the loading in the same way we would in a gym with a barbell or dumbbell, we're going to have to accept using a greater range of reps on some exercises. Provided you can do at least five reps, I believe you're going to be okay. If you can do more than twenty or thirty, you may want to find a way to make the exercise more difficult.


Knee Ups on the Ground

Lie on your back with your arms out on the ground at 90 degrees to the trunk. Prior to starting each rep, "set" the pelvis, then lift, aiming, to hold that pelvis position throughout. Simply lift the knees towards the trunk and return under control.


Curl Up for Rhythm

A curl up is really the same thing as an old fashioned sit-up. Lie on your back on the ground, knees bent to about 90 degrees and feet flat on the floor. Your feet are not to be anchored under anything. Sit up or curl up the trunk, ideally to a full sitting position. I want you to do sit-ups for numbers, i.e. looking to increase work capacity, but not allowing total fatigue or excessive slowing of movement. If the consistent speed of movement drops, terminate the set.


Wrist to Knee Curl Ups

Lie on your back on the ground, each hand touching its own side of the forehead with the fingers, elbows out at 45 degrees. The elbow angle is not to change during the exercise. Starting with legs out straight, raise (flex) the trunk and one leg simultaneously. As you continue into the flexion, rotate the trunk so that the elbow (or preferably the wrist) on the opposite side to the knee that's been lifted touches the opposite knee. Then return to a fully straight body position, repeating the next rep on the other side.


Lying Supine, Single-Leg Hip/Thigh Extension

Lie on your back on the ground. Bend one leg up until the knee is 90 degrees with the foot flat. Keep the other leg straight out on the ground. Put your weight through that foot and raise the straight leg up until the straight leg is in line with the thigh of the bent knee. Lower back down but don't rest fully on the ground. Once all reps are completed, perform a set for the other leg.


Ski Squats

Place your feet shoulder width apart, about two feet out from the wall and lean your back against the wall. Bend your knees to a half squat position. This is position one. After a specified time, lower down to position two, about two inches lower. After the specified time, lower another two inches down to position three. Your thighs should be about parallel by now. Use another two lower positions, with position five being about as far as you can bend at the knees.

How long is the specified time? Start with somewhere between ten and twenty seconds per position, adding five seconds per workout. The five positions done with no rest between them constitutes one set. If you're finding this too easy or notice one leg doing more work than the other, do it one leg at a time. The challenge here with the single leg ski squats (apart from the obvious of having twice as much loading on the leg!) is keeping the hips parallel to the ground, as they would be in the double leg version.


Static Lunge

Unlike other forms of the lunge, the static lunge requires that you keep still, i.e. the forward foot remains planted on all reps; no leg switching between reps or walking.

Step out with one leg. Go down until the knee of the rear leg is almost on the ground. The length of the stance can be assessed in general by ensuring that the tibia and fibula (the lower leg) of the lead leg remain relatively vertical throughout the lift. In other words, the knee shouldn't exceed (either way) the toe or heel. Aim to keep the trunk vertical throughout. If you have a bilateral imbalance, respect the weak side rule. Newbie translation: If one leg is weaker than the other, always start with the weak leg and do the same number of reps for the stronger leg.


Single Leg, Bent-Knee Deadlift

Stand on one leg, bending the other leg at the knee up behind the body until the knee is bent to 90 degrees. Both upper legs are still side-by-side and the hands are on the head or the waist. Now bend the knee you're standing on with the intent of going down until the bent knee is almost touching the ground. You can lean forward at the waist as much as you want.

For most, this range won't be possible in the first instance, so a shorter range is okay provided that you work to improve the range over time. Try this one with dumbbells once you get back to the gym!


Single Leg, Stiff-Legged Deadlift

Stand on one leg, have the other foot off the ground, but kept roughly parallel with the leg doing the supporting. Bend the knee of the supporting leg slightly, but the knee angle shouldn't change during the exercise (get a partner to watch for this, as it will be tempting to cheat!). Now bend at the waist, allowing the back to round and reach slowly towards the floor. If your range allows, touch the floor with the fingertips and return to the starting position. Use a speed of three seconds down, one second pause at the ends, and three seconds up.

You may struggle with balance, but persist — you'll also be developing the muscles in the sole of the foot! The first time you do this you may find you're touching down with the non-supporting foot regularly to avoid falling over. This is okay, but in later workouts, try to minimize this. Don't be surprised if you can only do five reps on day one! Look to increase the reps from workout to workout.


Single Leg Squat

Stand on one leg and squat as far down as your strength or flexibility will tolerate. You may need to hold on to something at first. Generally speaking, I encourage you to pursue range over reps, but initially use a range that allows you to get at least eight to ten reps.


Handstand Push Up Against the Wall

This is a great one for the shoulders, provided you have the circulatory system that can tolerate the blood going to the head! Place your hands on the grounds about a foot from the wall and kick up into a handstand so that your heels are on the walls. Once in place in this handstand position, lower your body down until your head is almost touching the ground, then push back up.


Chin Up

If you can't find an appropriate place to do this, you may need to go with a compromise that involves your lower body (knees) being in contact with the ground. You'll find a waist high railing in most places in which to do this. Using a slower tempo will help make up for the lack of full load if your lower body is touching the ground. Note: If you want to emphasize the biceps, use a narrow grip with your palms facing toward you. For more back work, use a wider grip with the palms facing away.


Push Up

I'm sure you know how to do a push up! If your strength levels are such that you're capable of doing reps in excess of twenty, you may want to have someone place some pressure on your upper back or place your feet up on an elevation such as a chair or bed. Again, using a slower, controlled tempo will help too. Note: To really target the triceps, keep the hands close together on the floor.


Single-Leg Calf Press

Place the ball of one foot on the edge of a stair or whatever step is handy and push up on to your toes using the calf of that leg only. Lower down to a full stretch and then repeat. Don't forget to do the other leg!


Conclusion

While a bodyweight only routine may not be perfect, it'll get you by until you can get back to the gym. Performed correctly with attention to form and tempo, you may even find yourself sore the next day despite the lack of barbells and dumbbells! Give it a shot!

Maximum Load Training in the Real World



Alan Cosgrove once said that although methods are many, principles are few. What an insightful statement. What I see, however, is that these "methods' are so varied that they're violating key fundamental principles.

The result is that you the trainee aren't getting results from your gym time by following questionable methods that fly in the face of real world principles.

This is the frustrating thing for me. I train people in the real world. I'm not sure what's being taught at certification courses these days, but what is interpreted as "principles" is faulty at best. In this article I want to use a real world example for those of you training to gain size, muscle, and thickness, and have the mistaken belief that this is accomplished with "max weights." This is another term I have trouble with as it's quite misleading as we will see.

The other day I received an E-mail from a client, who sounded a little confused. It seems that a so-called "personal trainer" walked by while my client was training, and offered this brilliant advice: "You should lighten the load substantially, and do 4-4-1 tempo, to get more out of the set!"

A personal trainer helps a trainee get more out of a set.

Say what? My client was confused because I had advised to lift explosively, regardless of rep range. So who was right?

Let's take a look. If I lift 100 pounds for 5 reps, and you lift 100 pounds for 5 reps; I do 5 reps in about 5 seconds, you use the tempo above and take about 30 seconds to lift it. We both performed the same amount of work. But here's a question for you: whose set required more power? Whose set placed a higher metabolic demand on his body? The answer should be obvious. My set, of course.

Power, folks, is a rudimentary principle expressed in many ways, but is essential to training for size, strength, thickness, etc. The simple basic premise is that it takes more power to move a weight in one second than it does to move it in two seconds. Over the course of a workout this is seen as an expression of more work in the same amount of time, or the same amount of work in less time. These are all expressions of the principle of power. You'll notice, of course, that the "method" of tempo suggested above by the moron "personal trainer" violates this principle.

Next question. In the above example which one of us achieved the most overload? The answer is that it's a trick question. If that 100 pounds is a weight we are used to performing, then neitherof us achieved overload for that set. Therefore, the advice of lightening a load you can already do explosively and take 4 times as long to do it, is faulty logic that does not follow basic principles. It means negating max load, and therefore negating the overload principle in general. This is just one example of "methods" being not only many, but also mistaken.

Now if you follow this so far, then you may be thinking that maximum load is therefore the way to abide by the Overload Principle. Well yes, but only if you understand max load. I want you to read the next sentence a few times and let it sink in before we continue.

Max load is not the same thing as max weight.

Why don't most people get this? I blame the industry for detailing external cues as the be all and end all of performance. How much you "can" lift is not the deciding factor. The deciding factor is how much stress a muscle endures as overload. These are entirely different things, as I'll explain below with a real-world example.

It's not how much you can lift, it's how much you can overload the muscle.

First let's understand these basic principles more clearly. Power is an expression of force with speed. There are a few types. We're concerned here with explosive power, and the power expression itself.

Explosive power can be defined as simply as force over time. It can also be defined as the time it takes to get to max force output. Or it can be expressed as recruiting fibers for strength performance in a context of speed. So simple explosive power is expressed as F/t. Force is defined as load or strength within this context. This is where all the confusion on the gym floor begins.

Inexperienced trainers and trainees seem to think that the above solution means to use a "max load" as in weight, and be explosive. This is untrue for forcing an adaptive response. The example below illustrates my point and I'm sure if you look around your gym you will see many people making this same mistake.

At one of my former gyms where I was training I happened to be in close proximity to one of the gym's trainers and his client. I had seen them before so I watched as they repeated a familiar scenario. It was obviously deadlift day for them. Because I was training in the same area I witnessed their classic training mistake.

The trainee was a kid of average size. I watched as he did a warm up set (I presume) at 225 for 10 reps, and at a fairly explosive speed. I then watched him do a set of 5 reps at 325, still trying to be explosive, but the bar was moving a little more slowly regardless of intent.

Next, disaster. They moved the weight up to 365 pounds and rested a long time, then after a lot of yelling and screaming he performed two very slow reps that were agonizing to watch. Everyone yelled and cheered and high fived each other.

Finally they put four plates on the bar for 405 pounds. He did one very difficult rep that seemed to take forever. The two of them were screaming and a few on-lookers seemed impressed by the effort. After he put the weight down the trainer wanted to make sure everyone saw that and actually came up to me and said, "Did you see my guy pull 4 plates? Isn't that great?"

I said to him, "Well that depends on what your purpose was for this session."

He said, "Oh, we're training for size and thickness."

I shrugged. "Then you just wasted about 30 minutes of gym time!"

He huffed at me, "Well, that's youropinion!"

I replied, "No, it's a matter of fact, if you understand the principles."

He just wouldn't get it. But for those of you with open minds, let me explain why this type of ego training is a waste of time for adaptive response. First let's examine the power equation, shall we? Most of you probably know it: power is equal to force times distance, divided by time.

If we examine the above example with that formula principle, then we will see what a waste of time his "max load" sets were. For the sake of argument, let's say that for this guy, the distance of his deadlift from floor to lockout was 2 feet. If we address the loads used over that distance, and the time it took to deliver them, we can gain an understanding of the power equation, and of why this poor sod did indeed waste a considerable amount of gym time.

At 225 pounds, he lifted that weight 2 feet, and he did it explosively in under a second, let's say eight-tenths of a second. Therefore for that set he lifted 225 x 2 divided by .8 seconds. The total units of power produced in one rep were 562.5.

For the next set, he lifted 325 pounds x 5 reps. As I said, the weight moved a little slower but still with ample explosive power. So let's say each rep took a full second. Therefore we have 325 x 2 feet divided by 1 second. This gives us a total power production figure of 650. At this point, looking at the numbers, it seems his progressive overload is right in line with an adaptive response (we'll come back to that in a second).

His next set was 365 pounds, and as I said, there was a noticeable slowdown in how long it took him to hoist that weight. It took at least twice as long each rep as the previous set. We'll call it two seconds, and crunch the numbers. He lifted 365 x 2 feet, but it took two seconds, so we divide that by 2. The total units of power produced by this lift was 365. Strange but true: his max load was increased, but his power output, or overload response, decreased substantially.

Finally, he performed his last set at 405 for one max rep. This rep took forever, and in my mind I did a slow three count while watching him. So the numbers are: 405 x 2 feet, divided by 3 seconds (force times distance divided by time). His final number here on his "max load" set was actually only 270 total units of power! How can thisbe? His max single set of 405 elicited even less of an adaptive response than did his warm up set at 225.

Take a look at this graph of the TEP of Power.

The vertical axis of the graph is the amount of force used, and the horizontal axis is the time expression.

As you can see by graphing this performance, his actual peak performance sets were way before his max load sets. Now lets go back and look at those again and reassess, considering reps.

In set one at 225 pounds, he performed ten reps. We'll take his 562 units of power generated, then multiply it by 10 reps, and we get 5,620 units of power demanded during that set.

At set two we calculated that he generated 650 units of power per rep. He did that set for five reps so if we multiply the 650 x 5 we see that the total units of power demanded were 3,250.

His next set was 365 pounds, and we calculated that the total units of power were the same: 365. Yet even with this max load he lifted only two reps. Therefore his total units of power produced is 365 x 2 or a measly 730 total units of power demanded. So his "max weight" sets are starting to show more ego training than adaptive response.

Finally his last set was 405 pounds for one long rep. We already showed the total units of power to be a rather pathetic 270. And when we multiply that by his one rep, we of course get the same number, 270.

A single slow rep with 405 is a lot less demanding than 10 explosive reps with 225.

So to sum it up, if we follow the training principle of power, his max load set was not the heaviest sets in terms of load on the bar. His max load set was actually his lightest set.


Lessons

The lessons learned here are great. First, we learned that max loads have little to do with how much weight is on the bar. Max loads are relative only to performance of those loads.

Next, we learned that for this particular case the trainee would have been better off doing all of his sets somewhere between 225 and 325 pounds. Sets done in that rep range would have elicited a greater adaptive demand and response.

Within that context is where program design expertise takes over. If his goal is size and thickness (as his "trainer" stated), then more sets would be cycled through a program toward the heavier end of the proper rep range, but still dropping down for some explosive work near the lower end of the rep range. Again, this would all take place over the time of a properly designed program.

If we go back to the graph, we can see that anything to the left of the 225 pound sets would be too little overload, as in not enough weight. This illustrates the fault with slow tempos, which no one in their right mind would use for an explosive lift to begin with.

But the biggest lesson is that to the rightof the 325 pound set, there is not nearly enough duration of overload in order to accomplish an adaptive response.

All of this brings in line the whole idea of what "max loads" even means. I'll say it one last time, and hope it sinks in.

The amount of weight on the bar is only relative information. It's incidental.

It's what you do with that bar that counts.

It's amazing to me how many bright people who know the principles intellectually, do not follow them in their "methods." Maximum strength training methods do not lead to maximum size, strength, or thickness. (See also Behm 1996)

What this above example illustrates is the Training Efficiency Percentage of Power (TEP). The definition of Training Efficiency Percentage is the "number of reps in a given set of performance, that force an adaptive response." If we look at the above graph, it should be obvious that all training loads should be somewhere between 55% and 85% of maximum performance loads in order to produce an adaptive response.

Therefore, how much you can lift is not very significant in terms of how much you should lift within a course of programmed training. Of course there is much more to this that can make the above equation even more or less effective depending on training approach.

Innervation Training protocol addresses in more depth such performance parameters. Toward the Innervation Training "Principles" it's important to also remember "there is differential innervation of specific muscles or parts of muscles in different or specific ranges and planes of motion." This contributes to another principle that is known as the Total Activation Potential (TAP), which I will address in another article.


Conclusion

So we're all clear on what this means in terms of load selection, I ought to point out what it means in terms of cadence as well. There are only two relevant cadences in bodybuilding training: explosive, and continuous tension. I will show how these two cadences play out in a follow up article on deltoid training. Sequencing of exercises becomes paramount to training if you understand what max load training really is, as well as in relation to explosive training and innervation training, in terms of selected ranges and planes of motion.

I hope this article drives home the point that although methods may be many, if they don't adhere to solid principles, then much can be lost to the trainee.

Monday, December 24, 2007

Targeted Muscle:Developing the "X Shaped" Body

The figure and physique extraordinaire reveals the most effective secrets to attaining that most desired look.


As a figure competitor, I often get asked about my personal training routine. Those who ask me this question seem to make the assumption that there's just one routine I utilize, and following this "magic" workout will transform their physique into exactly what they envision as their ideal.

Unfortunately, there is no such thing. There isn't a single workout that anyone who happens to have that "ideal" physique does. Different routines work for different people, and you may have to play around with various workout styles to find one your body will respond to best. Some women swear by lifting heavy, other ladies — figure competitors included, don't go near a squat rack for fear of excessive size on their lower body. Then there are those who religiously utilize lighter weights and giant sets, with sprints for cardio.

I personally have found that switching training principals, along with workout programs, works best for my physique. Along with keeping my workouts fun year-round, doing this prevents my body from getting accustomed to a routine. My training always feels challenging, and I see the results I want all year long.

I've already learned, for instance, that when preparing to step on stage, higher reps and sets with shorter rest periods help me lean out while not only maintaining my musculature, but also helping fine-tune it.

During the off season, I like to do a complete one-eighty as I extend my breaks between sets, increase the weight I lift, and trade in some of the isolated muscle movements for compound ones. I absolutely love to feel strong, and nothing makes me happier than seeing the pin get lower on that weight stack (or extra plates on that bar — even if they are only the ones that weigh 1.5lbs!).

The workout I'm about to share with you is one of the latter, off season types. It not only makes me feel like Wonder Woman in the strength department, but also just happens to be the routine responsible for a lot of my muscle mass. I especially love the fact that all of this mass was built in areas I, as a figure competitor, needed.

It added mass to my upper back and shoulders, and shaped my quads, glutes and hamstrings; all of which helped create the illusion of a tiny waist by improving my "V" taper and bringing out that coveted "X" shape everyone keeps talking about.

It's all about the "X"

The routine is a basic one and was initially inspired by traditional power lifting ideas. It's made up of a FOUR day split, with two of the four days consisting of a FIVE set by SIX rep routine, followed by an OFF day and two days comprised of a TWO set by TWELVE to FIFTEEN rep workout.

There are only TWO routines, which are to be alternated through the week, along with the set and rep schemes above. One workout is lower-body based, the other focuses on the upper-body.

The workouts, as I performed them during my last off season are as follows:

Lower Body: Upper Body:

Rack Pulls

Sissy Squats

Sumo Dumbbell Deadlift

Glute-Ham Raises

Barbell Walking Lunges

Standing and Seated Calf Raises

Incline Bench Press

Barbell Skull Crushers

Standing Unilateral Shoulder Press

Chins-ups

Seated Cable Rows

Side Laterals

Here's my personal split:

As you can see, it's a simple routine — not a lot involved, just basic movements performed with a heavy weight. Good form is crucial in ensuring the efficacy of the exercises and in injury prevention, so below are the descriptions of the exercises, along with some photos for your reference.


LOWER BODY

Rack Pulls

I truly feel that this movement has made a major difference in my upper back!

To set up for it, place your bar in the power rack just at (or a little over) knee level.

Keep in mind that this is essentially the "top" portion of a deadlift, and doing it from this position will allow to go heavier than you would be able to lift from the floor. Point being — LIFT HEAVY!!

Load up the bar, step up to it, and lift. Hold in the UP position for just a second, lower back down just so it hits the rack, and lift back up, for reps listed.


Sissy Squats

This is a great way to shape your lower quads — that "tear-drop" muscle above your knee.

Begin by standing with your feet just slightly apart. Hold onto something for support, and begin to bend at your knees while simultaneously rising up on your toes. Slowly bring your upper body towards the floor, bringing your hips forward. Go as low as possible, attempting to bring your butt in contact with your heels.

Once at the bottom, push back up by flexing those quads.


Sumo Dumbbell Deadlift

This movement will make a noticeable difference in your entire lower body. It'll work everything from the glutes, to the glute-ham tie-in, to the upper portion of your quads.

To start, hold onto a single dumbbell with both hands. Point your toes outward, at a 45 degree angle. Keep your knees slightly flexed with the rest of your body remaining in an upright position, hips neutral. Now move your hips back as you would in a squat, making sure that your knees bend in the exact direction to which your toes are pointing. Come down to a point where your thighs are parallel to the floor, and return to the starting position.

Be sure to squeeze your glutes on the way back up, focusing on pushing through the heels.


Glute-Ham Raises

This movement is as good as it gets for glute-ham tie-in, hamstrings, glutes, and even your lower back. If your gym has the proper machine for these, then all you have to do is place your lower legs between the braces so that your feet are on the platform, and, with your knees resting on the pad, slowly lower your upper body until it's parallel to the floor while maintaining a neutral hip position. Be sure to keep your back neutral.

Return to your starting position by squeezing your glutes and hamstrings to bring your body back up, while maintaining an arch-free lower back.


Barbell Walking Lunges

This one really "brings it home" for the entire lower body area by working the full leg — front and back, starting deep within the glutes, and ending with the calves.

I specified "barbell" because these truly seem to work better than dumbbell walking lunges for me. If you always do your walking lunges with dumbbells, you need to give these a shot — that barbell on your back will make this feel like a brand new exercise!

To execute, step forward, landing on the heel first. Lower yourself by bending at both knees until the knee of your rear leg is near the floor. Raise yourself back up by pushing through the heel of the front leg; and lunge forward with the opposite leg. Repeat for reps specified, PER LEG.


UPPER BODY

Barbell Skull Crushers

One of my all-time favorites for shaping those triceps! To begin, lie on a flat bench with an overhand grip on the inside bends of your EZ-Curl Bar. Start out by holding the bar straight over your chest and shoulders, with straight arms. Lower the bar to your forehead in a controlled motion by bending your elbows slowly. Extend your arms to return to starting position, and repeat for reps listed.


Standing Unilateral Shoulder Press

Shoulder press variations should be a staple in any figure girl's training routine. Performing this movement standing will allow you to use a heavier weight than your body is accustomed to, which will shock those muscles into growing. The fact that you'll be working on one side at a time will ensure that your delts are being worked equally, thereby improving your balance and symmetry.


Chins-ups

If no back exercise has ever done wonders for your back, you've never tried chins. When done with proper form, this movement will transform a shapeless back into a "V" in no time — all while tightening up those arms, as well!

Begin by grasping onto a bar with either a supinated grip (palms facing you), or a semi-supinated one (palms facing each other). At the start of the movement, your arms will be in a fully extended position. Inhale and begin to pull yourself up, be sure to focus on using your upper back muscles to drive your body up, squeezing your shoulder blades together on the ascend.

Once your chin clears the bar, start to breath out as you slowly lower yourself to your starting position.


Seated Cable Rows

Different types of rows are an absolute necessity in any figure girl's arsenal! I like to perform this type of row with a triangle grip, focusing on squeezing my lats, pulling my shoulders back, and pushing my chest forward as I pull the attachment to my waist.

Slowly return to starting position with minimal "swinging" at the waist.


Side Laterals

We all know how important capped shoulders are to the "X" frame of a figure competitor. Side laterals will do more than their fair share in putting that "cap" on your delts!

Begin by holding the dumbbells in front of your thighs. Keep your knees and elbows flexed, and slightly bend forward at the hips. Raise your arms out to the sides until they are parallel to the floor. Slowly return to the starting position, and repeat.

It can be tough for us ladies to find a routine that will actually make us feel and look strong and feminine at the same time. Give this program a shot if your goal is to not only look like a shapely figure competitor, but feel like a superhero while you're at it!